SERJEANT A.M. SULLIVAN. Q.C. |
KING’s BENCH
DIVISION AND COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL
THE KING v. CASEMENT
[1917] 1 K.B. 98
COUNSEL: A. M. Sullivan
(Serjeant and King’s Counsel of the Irish Bar) and Artemus Jones, for the
prisoner.
Sir Frederick Smith, A.-G., Sir George Cave,
S.-G., Bodkin, Travers Humphreys, and Branson, for the Crown.
J. H. Morgan, having been retained by the
prisoner, but not having been assigned as one of his counsel, heard as amicus
curiae.
SOLICITORS: For appellant: G. Gavan Duffy.
For the Crown: The Director of Public
Prosecutions.
JUDGES: Lord Reading C.J.,
Avory and Horridge Jj.; Darling, Bray, Lawrence, Scrutton, and Atkin JJ.
DATES: 1916 June 26, 27,
28, 29; July 17, 18.
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DIVISIÓN DE BANCO
DEL REY Y TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN PENAL
THE KING v. CASEMENT
[1917] 1 KB 98
CONSEJERO: AM Sullivan (Sargento y Consejo del Rey del Colegio de
Abogados de Irlanda) y Artemus Jones, por el prisionero.
Sir Frederick Smith, A.-G., Sir George Cave,
S.-G., Bodkin, Travers Humphreys y Branson, por
JH Morgan, después de haber sido retenido
por el prisionero, pero no haber sido asignado como uno de sus abogados,
escuchó como amicus curiae.
SOLICITANTES: Para el apelante: G. Gavan Duffy.
Por
JUECES: Lord Reading CJ, Avory y Horridge Jj .; Darling, Bray, Lawrence, Scrutton y
Atkin JJ.
FECHAS: 1916 26 de junio, 27, 28, 29; 17 y 18 de julio.
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Criminal Law – High Treason – Adhering to the King’s
Enemies – Adherence without the Realm – Aid and Comfort – Treason Act, 1351 (25
Edw. 3, stat. 5, c. 2).
By the Treason Act, 1351, it is declared
that if a man do levy war against our Lord the King in his realm, or be
adherent to the enemies of our Lord the King in the realm, giving to them aid
or comfort in his realm or elsewhere, and thereof be probably attainted of
open deed, that ought to be adjudged treason:–
Held by the Court of Criminal Appeal,
affirming the King’s Bench Division, that if a British subject be adherent to
the King’s enemies in his realm by giving to them aid or comfort in his
realm, or if he be adherent to the King’s enemies elsewhere by giving them
aid or comfort elsewhere, he is equally adherent to the King’s enemies, and
if he is adherent to the King’s enemies he commits treason as defined by the
Act.
Held by the King’s Bench Division, that if a
British subject does an act which strengthens or tends to strengthen the
enemies of the King in the conduct of a war against the King, or which
weakens or tends to weaken the power of the King and of the country to resist
or attack the enemies of the King and country, he gives aid and comfort to
the King’s enemies within the meaning of the Act.
Therefore, the United Kingdom being at war
with the Empire of Germany, where a British subject went to Germany and there
endeavored to persuade other British subjects, who were prisoners of war in
Germany, to join the armed forces of the enemy, and took part in an attempt
to land arms and ammunition in Ireland for the use of the enemy:–
Held by the King’s Bench Division and by the
Court of Criminal Appeal, that he was guilty of high treason.
Held, also, that he could be tried in this
country.
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Derecho
penal - Alta traición - Adherirse a los enemigos del rey - Adherencia sin el
reino - Ayuda y comodidad - Ley de traición, 1351 (25 Edw. 3, stat. 5, c. 2).
Por
Sostenido por el Tribunal de Apelaciones en
lo Criminal, afirmando
Realizado por
Por lo tanto, el Reino Unido estaba en
guerra con el Imperio de Alemania, donde un sujeto británico fue a Alemania y
allí se esforzó por persuadir a otros súbditos británicos, que eran
prisioneros de guerra en Alemania, de unirse a las fuerzas armadas del
enemigo y tomar parte. en un intento de aterrizar armas y municiones en
Irlanda para el uso del enemigo:
Detenido por
Sostenía, también, que podría ser juzgado en
este país.
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TRIAL at bar for high treason.
The indictment charged Sir Roger Casement
with “high treason by adhering to the King’s enemies elsewhere than in the
King’s realm, to wit, in the Empire of Germany, contrary to the Treason Act,
1351 (25 Edw. 3, stat. 5, c. 2).” (1) It proceeded to allege that
(1) The Treason Act,
1351 (25 Edw. 3, stat, 5, c. 2): “Auxint prceo q divses opinions ount este
einz ces heures qeu cas, qant il [*99] avient doit estre dit treson, &en quel cas noun, le
Roi a la requeste des Seignr &de
TRANSLATION.
“Item, whereas
divers opinions have been before this time in what case treason shall be
said, and in what not; the King, at the request of the Lords and of the
Commons, hath made a declaration in the manner as hereafter followeth, that
is to say; When a man doth compass or imagine the death of our Lord the King,
or of our Lady his Queen or of their eldest son and heir; …. or if a man do
levy war against our Lord the King in his realm, or be adherent to the King’s
enemies in his realm, giving to them aid and comfort in the realm, or
elsewhere, and thereof be probably attainted of open deed by the people of
their condition: …. And it is to be understood, that in the cases above
rehearsed, that ought to be adjudged treason which extends to our Lord the
King, and his royal majesty: and of such treason the forfeiture of the
escheats pertaineth to our Sovereign Lord, as well of the lands and tenements
holden of other, as of himself. …”
“Sir Roger David
Casement, otherwise known as Sir Roger Casement, Knight, on December 1, 1914,
and on divers other days thereafter and between that day and April 21, 1916,
being then, to wit, on the said several days, a British subject, and whilst
on the said several days an open and public war was being prosecuted and
carried on by the German Emperor and his subjects against our Lord the King
and his subjects, then and on the said several days traitorously contriving
and intending to aid and assist the said enemies of our Lord the King against
our Lord the King and his subjects, did traitorously adhere to and aid and
comfort the said enemies in parts beyond the seas without this realm of
England, to wit, in the Empire of Germany.”
Overt acts were alleged, namely, on December
31, 1914, and January 6 and February 19, 1915, of soliciting and inciting and
endeavouring to persuade certain persons being British subjects [*100] and members of the military forces of the King and being
prisoners of war then imprisoned at Limburg Lahn Camp, in the Empire of
Germany, to wit, Michael O’Connor, John Richardson, John Cronin, John
Robinson, William Egan, Daniel O’Brien, James Wilson, and others whose names
were unknown, to forsake their duty and allegiance to the King and to join
the armed forces of his enemies and to fight against the King and his
subjects in the said war. Also in or about the months of January and
February, 1915, at Limburg Lahn in the Empire of Germany circulating and
distributing and causing and procuring to be circulated and distributed to
and amongst certain persons being British subjects and members of the
military forces of the King and being prisoners of war imprisoned at Limburg
Lahn Camp aforesaid, to wit, Michael O’Connor, John Robinson, John Cronin,
William Egan, Daniel O’Brien, James Wilson, and divers others whose names
were unknown, a certain leaflet to the tenor and effect following, that is to
say:
“IRISHMEN! Here is a
chance for you to fight for Ireland! You have fought for England, your
country’s hereditary enemy. You have fought for Belgium in England’s
interest, though it was no more to you than the Fiji Islands! Are you willing
to fight FOR YOUR OWN COUNTRY with a view to securing the national freedom of
Ireland?
“With the moral and
material assistance of the German Government an IRISH BRIGADE is being
formed. The object of the Irish Brigade shall be to fight solely for THE
CAUSE OF IRELAND and under No CIRCUMSTANCES shall it be directed to any
GERMAN end. The Irish Brigade shall be formed and shall fight under the Irish
flag alone. The men shall wear a special distinctively Irish uniform, and
have Irish officers. The Irish Brigade shall be clothed, fed, and efficiently
equipped with arms and ammunition by the German Government. It will be
stationed near Berlin and be treated as guests of the German Government. At
the end of the war the German Government undertakes to send each member of
the brigade who may so desire it to the United States of America with
necessary means to land.
“The Irishmen in
America are collecting money for the brigade.
“Those men who do
not join the Irish Brigade will be removed [*101] from Limburg and distributed among other camps. If
interested, see your company commanders.
“Join the Irish
Brigade and win Ireland’s independence!
“Remember Bachelor’s
Walk!
“God save Ireland!”
with intent to solicit, incite, and persuade
the said last-mentioned British subjects, being Irishmen, to forsake their
duty and allegiance to the King and to aid and assist his enemies in the
prosecution of the said war against the King and his subjects.
Other overt acts alleged were –
(i.) On or about December 31, 1914, and on
divers days thereafter in the months of January and February, 1915,
persuading and procuring certain persons, being members of the military
forces of the King, to wit, Daniel Julian Bailey, one Quinless, one
O’Callaghan, one Keogh, one Cavanagh, one Greer, and one Scanlan, and divers
others, whose names were unknown, to the number of about fifty, the said
persons being prisoners of war then imprisoned in Limburg Lahn Camp in the
Empire of Germany, to forsake their allegiance to the King and to join the
armed forces of his said enemies with a view to fight against the King and
his subjects in the said war.
(ii.) On or about April 12, 1916, setting
forth from the Empire of Germany as a member of a warlike and hostile
expedition undertaken and equipped by the enemies of the King having for its
object the introduction into and landing on the coast of Ireland of arms and
ammunition intended for use in the prosecution of the war by the said enemies
against the King and his subjects.
At the
conclusion of the evidence for the prosecution,
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PRUEBA en el bar por alta traición.
La acusación acusó a Sir Roger Casement de
"alta traición al adherirse a los enemigos del Rey en otro lugar que no
sea el reino del Rey, a saber, en el Imperio de Alemania, contrario a
(1)
TRADUCCIÓN.
“Ítem, mientras que
diversas opiniones han sido antes de este tiempo, en qué caso se debe decir
traición, y en qué no; el Rey,
a pedido de los Lores y de los Comunes, ha hecho una declaración en la forma
que sigue a continuación, es decir; Cuando
un hombre se acerca o imagina la muerte de nuestro Señor el Rey, o de nuestra
Señora su Reina o de su hijo mayor y heredero; ... o si un hombre hace la guerra contra
nuestro Señor el Rey en su reino, o si se adhiere a los enemigos del Rey en
su reino, brindándoles ayuda y consuelo en el reino, o en cualquier otro
lugar, y probablemente sea objeto de una acción abierta por el personas de su
condición: ... Y debe
entenderse que en los casos antes ensayados, eso debería ser juzgado traición
que se extiende a nuestro Señor el Rey y su majestad real: y de tal traición,
la pérdida de los escaños pertenece también a nuestro Señor Soberano. de las
tierras y viviendas retenidas por otros, como de sí mismo. ... "
"Sir Roger
David Casement, también conocido como Sir Roger Casement, Knight, el 1 de
diciembre de 1914, y en otros días posteriores y entre ese día y el 21 de
abril de 1916, es decir, a saber, en dichos días, un Súbdito británico, y
mientras que en dichos días una guerra abierta y pública estaba siendo
perseguida y llevada a cabo por el Emperador alemán y sus súbditos contra
nuestro Señor el Rey y sus súbditos, y durante dichos días varios días
traicionando e intentando ayudar y ayudar a dichos enemigos de nuestro Señor
el Rey contra nuestro Señor el Rey y sus súbditos, se adhirió y ayudó
traidoramente a dichos enemigos en partes más allá de los mares sin este
reino de Inglaterra, a saber, en el Imperio de Alemania. "
Se alegaron actos abiertos, a saber, el 31
de diciembre de 1914 y el 6 de enero y el 19 de febrero de 1915, de solicitar
e incitar y tratar de persuadir a ciertas personas de ser sujetos británicos [* 100] y miembros de las
fuerzas militares del Rey y ser prisioneros de guerra luego encarcelados en
el campo de Limburg Lahn, en el Imperio de Alemania, a saber, Michael
O'Connor, John Richardson, John Cronin, John Robinson, William Egan, Daniel
O'Brien, James Wilson y otros cuyos nombres eran desconocidos , abandonar su
deber y lealtad al Rey y unirse a las fuerzas armadas de sus enemigos y
luchar contra el Rey y sus súbditos en dicha guerra. También en o alrededor de los meses
de enero y febrero de 1915, en Limburg Lahn, en el Imperio de Alemania,
circulando y distribuyendo y provocando y procurando que circule y se
distribuya entre ciertas personas que son súbditos británicos y miembros de
las fuerzas militares del Rey. y ser prisioneros de guerra encarcelados en el
campo de Limburg Lahn antes mencionado, a saber, Michael O'Connor, John
Robinson, John Cronin, William Egan, Daniel O'Brien, James Wilson y otros
buzos cuyos nombres se desconocían, un cierto folleto para el Tenor y efecto
siguiente, es decir:
“¡IRLANDÉSES! ¡Aquí tienes la oportunidad de
luchar por Irlanda! Has luchado
por Inglaterra, el enemigo hereditario de tu país. ¡Has luchado por Bélgica en interés
de Inglaterra, aunque no fue más para ti que las Islas Fiji! ¿Estás dispuesto a luchar POR TU
PROPIO PAÍS con el fin de garantizar la libertad nacional de Irlanda?
“Con la ayuda moral
y material del gobierno alemán se está formando una BRIGADA IRLANDESA. El objetivo de
“Los irlandeses en
Estados Unidos están recaudando dinero para la brigada.
“Aquellos hombres
que no se unan a
¡Únete a
“¡Recuerda la
caminata de soltero!
"¡Dios salve a
Irlanda!"
con la intención de solicitar, incitar y
persuadir a los súbditos británicos mencionados anteriormente, siendo irlandeses,
de abandonar su deber y lealtad al Rey y ayudar y ayudar a sus enemigos en el
enjuiciamiento de dicha guerra contra el Rey y sus súbditos.
Otros actos manifiestos alegados fueron:
(i.) Alrededor del 31 de diciembre de 1914,
y en varios días posteriores en los meses de enero y febrero de 1915,
persuadir y procurar ciertas personas, que son miembros de las fuerzas
militares del Rey, a saber, Daniel Julian Bailey, un Quinol, un O'Callaghan,
un Keogh, un Cavanagh, un Greer y un Scanlan, y otros diversos, cuyos nombres
eran desconocidos, hasta el número de unos cincuenta, siendo dichas personas
prisioneros de guerra y luego encarcelados en el campo de Limburg Lahn en el
Imperio de Alemania, renunciar a su lealtad al Rey y unirse a las fuerzas
armadas de sus enemigos con el fin de luchar contra el Rey y sus súbditos en
dicha guerra.
(ii.) Aproximadamente el 12 de abril de
1916, partiendo del Imperio de Alemania como miembro de una expedición
guerrera y hostil emprendida y equipada por los enemigos del Rey que tiene
como objetivo la introducción y el aterrizaje en la costa de Irlanda de armas
y municiones destinadas a ser utilizadas en el enjuiciamiento de la guerra
por dichos enemigos contra el Rey y sus súbditos.
Al
concluir la evidencia de la acusación,
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Next it is stated in Reg. v. Platt (1) that “it was the ancient opinion, that the species of treason which consists, by 25 Edw. 3, c.
In Mulcahy v. Reg. (2) Willes J., in delivering before the House of Lords the opinion of the judges on the question whether a conspiracy was a sufficient overt act to support a charge of compassing to depose the Sovereign, is reported to have said that the Treason Act, 1351, made it treason to be “adherent to the King’s enemies, in his realm or elsewhere.” The words are printed with inverted commas as though they were a quotation from the Act. They are in truth a misquotation. But in any view the passage is no authority on the meaning of the Act: its only purport is as matter of inducement; the meaning of the statute was irrelevant to the appeal before the House.
The only decision against the prisoner is Rex v. Lynch. (3) In that case the prisoner was charged with adhering to, aiding, and comforting the Government of the South African Republic while at war with this country at Pretoria. Lord Alverstone C.J., Wills
(1) (1777) 1 Leach, 157, 168.
(2) (1868) L. R. 3 H. L. 306, 318.
(3) [1903] 1 K. B. 444; 19 Times L. R. 163. [*112]
and Channell JJ., on the authority of Rex v. Vaughan (1), held that this was treason within the Treason Act, 1351. (2) Yet it can be demonstrated that Rex v. Vaughan (1) was a case of adhering within the realm. “If a man be upon the sea of England, he is within the kingdom or realme of England, and within the ligeance of the King of England, as of his Crowne of England. And yet altum mare is out of the jurisdiction of the common law, and within the jurisdiction of the Lord Admirall.” (3) “Intra regnum, within the realm, is by the same law taken, and that in the usual phrase for that which is intra (or as it is wont to bee barbarously rendered infra) quatuor maria, within the four seas, to wit, the southern, western, eastern, and that northern sea which washeth both the sides of that neck of land, whereby Scotland is united to England.” (4) “Within the four seas and within the realm signified one and the same thing.” (5) “The narrow sea, adjoining to the coast of England, is part of the wast and demesnes and dominions of the King of England, whether it lie within the body of any county or not. This is abundantly proved by that learned treatise of Master Selden called Mare Clausum.” (6) See also Reg. v. Keyn. (7) Treason without the realm was triable, if at all, under the Act of 35 Hen. 8, c.
(1) (1696) 13 How. St. Tr. 485; 2 Salk. 634.
(2) See 19 Times L. R. 173.
(3) Co. Litt. p. 260a, s. 439.
(4) Selden, Mare Clausum, translated by Nedham (ed. 1652), bk. 2, ch. 24, p. 387.
(5) Ibid. 389.
(6) Hale, De Jur. Mar., ch. 4.
(7) (1876) 2 Ex. D. 63. [*113]
Lord the King further designing war and rebellion against the said King upon the high seas within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England to move, stir up, and procure upon the high seas about fourteen leagues from Deal and within the dominion of the Crown of England and within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England aforesaid with other traitors war against the King levied and waged. It is plain, therefore, that Rex v. Vaughan (1) was a case of treason upon the high seas and therefore within the realm. Yet in Rex v. Lynch (2) Lord Alverstone C.J. treats this case as an authority that there may be treason by adherence without the realm. (3) For that proposition it is no authority at all. In short, Rex v. Lynch (2) rests upon no authority. Apart from that case there is no reliable authority for saying that adherence to the King’s enemies outside the realm, much less that adherence outside the dominions, is treason. If the accused is within the realm his adherence may be proved by acts outside the realm, because it is his treachery that is the gist of his offence. A typical instance of treasonable adherence is the case of Nicholas de Wautham (4), who against his allegiance treacherously conspired with Guy de Montfort and Emericus his brother and Llewelyn, formerly Prince of Wales, an enemy of the King, and came to the King’s Court and sojourned there as a private guest while he lay in wait and pried out the secrets of the King, and all that he could discover he betrayed to the King’s enemies to whom he gave his adherence. He was properly speaking “adherent to the enemies of our Lord the King in the realm” within the words of the Act. Being within the realm the law had seisin of him. But a man who outside the dominions adheres to the enemy is outside the common law and outside the Act of Edward III. which declared it. The meaning of that statute, as of all statutes, is to be derived from the words read in their natural sense unelucidated or unobscured by the counsel of commentators however eminent. The words are “be adherent …. within the realm.” No authority short of a judgment can compel this
(1) 13 How. St. Tr. 485; 2 Salk. 634.
(2) [1903] 1 K. B. 444; 19 Times L. R. 163.
(3) See 19 Times L. R. 173.
(4) (1285) Oxford City Documents, p. 204, cited in Pollock and Maitland, Hist. Eng. Law, vol. 2, p. 506, note 2. For other instances see 1 Hale, P. C. 78 et seq. [*114]
Court to say that those words mean “be adherent …. without the realm.”
J. H. Morgan, having been retained by the prisoner, but not having been assigned as one of his counsel, was heard as amicus curiae. In the case of Rex v. Weldon (1) the prisoner was charged under the Treason Act, 1351, with adhering to the King’s enemies in the county of the city of Dublin and found guilty. Finucane J., in giving judgment on a motion in arrest of judgment, said (2): “At the time this statute was passed, no treason could be tried but treason within the realm, and that is the treason specified, ‘giving them aid within the realm ’ – then are added the words ‘or without ’. … The locality is annexed to the person adhering, not to the enemy to whom he adhered.”
Sir Frederick Smith, A.-G., Sir George Cave, S.-G., Bodkin, Travers Humphreys, and Branson, for the Crown. Not of caprice but of necessity have counsel for the defence made light of such authorities as Coke, Hale, and Hawkins. But the opinions of such lawyers are not to be brushed aside so carelessly, because, first, they are agreeable to reason, and, secondly, they are supported by authority.
It is truly said that treason consists of a breach of the duty of allegiance which the subject owes to the Sovereign and which binds him at all times and in all places. Is it probable that the law of an island realm would regard those traitors, if any, who aid and comfort the King’s enemies abroad by remaining at home, and ignore that larger number who would give greater aid and comfort by joining the enemy abroad? If it were so, adherence to the King’s enemies would be punishable only when the realm was invaded by a foreign Power; for the number of traitors found at home adhering to the King’s enemies abroad would be negligible compared with those who would transfer themselves and their allegiance to the enemy abroad.
The argument for the defence rests on the assumption that there is only one reasonable construction of the Treason Act, 1351, namely, that the words “or elsewhere” are in opposition to the words “giving them aid or comfort within his realm.” This is a false assumption. The words “or elsewhere” may with at least
(1) (1795) 26 How. St. Tr. 226.
(2) Ibid. 292. [*115]
equal reason be read as in opposition to the words “be adherent to the King’s enemies in the realm.” In that case the words “giving them air or comfort within his realm” are explanatory of the words “be adherent to the enemies of our Lord the King in the realm,” and the passage, omitting the explanatory words, would then read “be adherent to the enemies of our Lord the King in the realm …. or elsewhere.” This is not only a possible construction, but is in truth the only reasonable construction when it is remembered that the enemies of our Lord the King will mostly be found outside the realm. Modern rules of construction strictly applied may lead to a false interpretation of a statute of Edward III. Another reasonable construction would be to read the words “or elsewhere” as alternative both to the words “be adherent to the enemies of our Lord the King in the realm” and also to the words “giving to them aid or comfort in his realm.” Indeed the words may equally apply to the levying of war against the King in his realm. Now when there are two reasonable constructions of a statute of such antiquity the opinion of Hawkins alone is conclusive; and he says in the passage that has been quoted (1) that high treason done without the realm is “expressly within the purview of 25 Edw.
As great reliance was placed upon the case in Dyer (2) it is necessary to explain that case. An Act of 1 &2 Ph. &Mar. c. 10 had enacted that all trials thereafter to be had, awarded, or made, for any treasons, should be had and used “only according to the due order and course of the common laws of this realm and not otherwise.” The judges were pressed by the doubt to which Hawkins refers, the doubt as to the venue and mode of trial of high treason
(1) Hawk. P. C., bk. 2, ch. 25, s. 48, vol. 2, p. 306 (Curwood); vol. 4, p. 22 (Leach).
(2) Dyer, 131b. [*116]
done out of the realm, “because” – however else it was triable – “no offence of treason committed out of the realm was triable here by the course of the common law” – at any rate before the statute of 35 Hen. 8, c. 2. The question was as to the meaning of the words “according to the course of the common law”; did they refer to the common law before 35 Hen. 8 or the common law as modified by that statute? In other words, did the statute of 1 &2 Ph. &Mar. c. 10 repeal or modify the Act of Henry VIII.? “And for the cause above the judges, Sir John Baker and Hare M.R. were assembled.” They thought that the statute of Henry VIII. enlarged the power and authority of the trials of the realm in this point, and that “by the words above, that is to say ‘according to the order and course of the common law, ’ it shall be intended that the trial shall be in the county where the indictment is.” This was not a decision in a case, but the resolution as of a rule committee. It casts no doubt on the opinion that high treason committed abroad was triable some way or other.
To come now to the decided cases. In the case of William de Weston (1) it was found by Parliament that he having undertaken to keep safely the castle of Outkrewyk in Flanders wickedly delivered and surrendered it to the King’s enemies without any duress or lack of victuals by his own default alone against all right and reason and against his allegiance and undertaking. By resolution of Parliament he was sentenced to be drawn and hanged. In the case of Sir John de Gomeneys (2), who was impeached for delivering up the castle of Ardes in France, sentence was also passed. That was treason by adhering to the King’s enemies. Sir Matthew Hale mentions both these cases in the passage cited in the argument for the defence. (3) That passage is a strong authority in favour of the Crown.
The next is Lord Wentworth’s Case. (4) Lord Wentworth, deputy of the town of Calais, Edward Grymston, controller of that town, and Ralph Chamberleyn, lieutenant of the castle of Calais, were
(1) (1377) Rot. Parl. 1 Ric. 2, nums. 38 – 40. See also 4 Cobb. St. Tr. 299.
(2) Rot. Parl. 1 Ric. 2, nums. 38 – 40; 4 Cobb. St. Tr. 303.
(3) 1 Hale, P. C. 168.
(4) (1559) Unreported: Baga de Secretis, K. B. 1 Eliz., Pouch
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A continuación se indica en el reg. v. Platt (1) que "era la opinión antigua, que la especie de traición que consiste, por 25 Edw. 3, c. 2, al adherirse a los enemigos del Rey, podría ser juzgado, antes del estatuto 35 Hen. 8, c. 2, dentro del reino, según las reglas del derecho consuetudinario, aunque la ayuda y la comodidad se brindaban sin el reino ". El prisionero en ese caso fue acusado de" alta traición en Savannah en
En Mulcahy v. Reg . (2) Willes J., al presentar ante
La única decisión contra el prisionero es Rex v. Lynch . (3) En ese caso, el prisionero fue acusado de adherirse, ayudar y consolar al Gobierno de
(1) (1777) 1 Leach, 157, 168.
(2) (1868) LR 3 HL 306, 318.
(3) [1903] 1 KB 444; 19 veces LR 163. [* 112]
y Channell JJ., bajo la autoridad de Rex v. Vaughan (1), sostuvieron que esto era una traición dentro de
(1) (1696) 13 Cómo. St. Tr. 485; 2 salk. 634.
(2) Ver 19 veces LR 173.
(3) Co. Litt. pag. 260a, s. 439.
(4) Selden, Mare Clausum, traducido por Nedham (ed. 1652), bk. 2, cap. 24, p. 387.
(5) Ibíd. 389.
(6) Hale, De Jur. Marzo. 4)
(7) (1876) 2 ej. D. 63. [* 113]
Lord King diseñó aún más la guerra y la rebelión contra dicho Rey en alta mar dentro de la jurisdicción del Almirantazgo de Inglaterra para moverse, agitarse y procurarse en alta mar a unas catorce leguas de Deal y dentro del dominio de
(1) 13 Cómo. St. Tr. 485; 2 salk. 634.
(2) [1903] 1 KB 444; 19 veces LR 163.
(3) Ver 19 veces LR 173.
(4) (1285) Documentos de la ciudad de Oxford, p. 204, citado en Pollock y Maitland, Hist. Ing. Law, vol. 2, p. 506, nota 2. Para otros casos, ver 1 Hale, PC 78 y siguientes. [* 114]
Corte decir que esas palabras significan "ser adherente ... sin el reino ".
JH Morgan, habiendo sido retenido por el prisionero, pero no asignado como uno de sus abogados, fue escuchado como amicus curiae. En el caso de Rex v. Weldon (1), el prisionero fue acusado bajo
Sir Frederick Smith, A.-G., Sir GeorgeCave, S.-G., Bodkin, Travers Humphreys y Branson, por
Realmente se dice que la traición consiste en una violación del deber de lealtad que el sujeto debe al Soberano y que lo obliga en todo momento y en todo lugar. ¿Es probable que la ley de un reino de la isla considere a aquellos traidores, si los hay, que ayudan y consuelan a los enemigos del Rey en el extranjero al quedarse en casa, e ignoran a ese gran número de personas que brindarían mayor ayuda y consuelo al unirse al enemigo en el extranjero? Si así fuera, la adhesión a los enemigos del Rey sería punible solo cuando el reino fuera invadido por una Potencia extranjera; porque el número de traidores encontrados en casa que se adhieren a los enemigos del Rey en el extranjero sería insignificante en comparación con aquellos que se transferirían a sí mismos y su lealtad al enemigo en el extranjero.
El argumento a favor de la defensa se basa en el supuesto de que solo hay una construcción razonable de
(1) (1795) 26 Cómo. St. Tr. 226.
(2) Ibíd. 292. [* 115]
la misma razón debe leerse en oposición a las palabras "adherirse a los enemigos del Rey en el reino". En ese caso, las palabras "dándoles aire o consuelo dentro de su reino" son explicativas de las palabras "adherirse a los enemigos de nuestro Señor el Rey en el reino ", yel pasaje, omitiendo las palabras explicativas, leería" ser adherente a los enemigos de nuestro Señor el Rey en el reino ... o en otra parte ”. Esta no es solo una construcción posible, sino que es la única construcción razonable cuando se recuerda que los enemigos de nuestro Señor el Rey se encontrarán principalmente fuera del reino. Las reglas modernas de construcción estrictamente aplicadas pueden conducir a una interpretación falsa de un estatuto de Eduardo III. Otra construcción razonable sería leer las palabras "o en otro lugar" como alternativa tanto a las palabras "adherirse a los enemigos de nuestro Señor el Rey en el reino" como también a las palabras "dándoles ayuda o consuelo en su reino. De hecho, las palabras pueden aplicarse igualmente a la guerra en contra del Rey en su reino. Ahora, cuando hay dos construcciones razonables de un estatuto de tal antigüedad, la opinión de Hawkins por sí sola es concluyente; y él dice en el pasaje que se ha citado (1) que la alta traición hecha sin el reino está "expresamente dentro del alcance de 25 Edw. 3. ”Si no excluyó expresamente de esta declaración el caso de adherirse a los enemigos del Rey, se debe inferir que tenía la intención de incluirlo. Este pasaje comienza afirmando que había una gran duda antes del estatuto 35 Hen. 8, c. 2, cómo y dónde se iba a juzgar la alta traición hecha fuera del reino. Hawkins o cualquier otra persona nunca expresó ninguna duda, pero si era confiable de una forma u otra. Las únicas dudas que habían existido, a saber, las del lugar y el modo de juicio, quedaron en reposo por
Como se puso gran confianza en el caso en Dyer (2) es necesario explicar ese caso. Un acto de 1 y 2 Ph. Y Mar. do. 10 había promulgado que todos los juicios posteriores que se hubiesen tenido, otorgado o realizado por cualquier traición, deberían llevarse a cabo y usarse “solo de acuerdo con el debido orden y el curso de las leyes comunes de este reino y no de otra manera”. Los jueces fueron presionados. por la duda a la que se refiere Hawkins, la duda sobre el lugar y el modo de juicio de la alta traición
(1) Halcón. PC, bk. 2, cap. 25, s. 48, vol. 2, p. 306 (Curwood); vol. 4, p. 22 (lixiviación).
(2) Dyer, 131b. [* 116]
hecho fuera del reino, "porque" - sin embargo, de lo contrario era confiable - "ningún delito de traición cometido fuera del reino era confiable aquí por el curso del derecho consuetudinario" - en cualquier caso antes del estatuto de 35 Hen. 8, c. 2. La pregunta era sobre el significado de las palabras "de acuerdo con el curso del derecho común"; ¿se referían a la ley común antes de las 35 gallinas? 8 o el derecho consuetudinario modificado por ese estatuto? En otras palabras, hizo el estatuto de 1 y 2 Ph. Y Mar. do. 10 derogar o modificar
Para llegar ahora a los casos decididos. En el caso de William de Weston (1), el Parlamento descubrió que se había comprometido a mantener a salvo el castillo de Outkrewyk en Flandes, entregado con perversidad y entregándolo a los enemigos del Rey sin ningún tipo de coacción o falta de victorias por su propio incumplimiento solo contra todo bien y razón y en contra de su lealtad y empresa. Por resolución del Parlamento fue condenado a ser sorteado y ahorcado. En el caso de Sir John de Gomeneys (2), quien fue acusado por entregar el castillo de Ardes en Francia, también se dictó sentencia. Eso fue traición al adherirse a los enemigos del Rey. Sir Matthew Hale menciona ambos casos en el pasaje citado en el argumento de la defensa. (3) Ese pasaje es una autoridad fuerte a favor de
El siguiente es el caso de Lord Wentworth . (4) Lord Wentworth, diputado de la ciudad de Calais, Edward Grymston, controlador de esa ciudad, y Ralph Chamberleyn, teniente del castillo de Calais, fueron
(1) (1377) Rot. Parl. 1 Ric. 2, nums. 38 - 40. Ver también 4 Cobb. St. Tr. 299.
(2) Rot. Parl. 1 Ric. 2, nums. 38 - 40; 4 Cobb. St. Tr. 303.
(3) 1 Hale, PC 168.
(4) (1559) Sin informar: Baga de Secretis, KB 1 Eliz., Bolsa 38, en
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